His placid existence as a pharmacist and a Sufi does not appear to have ever been interrupted by journeys. He could afford to spurn the art of the court eulogist (see idem, Das Meer der Seele: Mensch, Welt und Gott in den Geschichten des Farīduddīn ʿAṭṭār, Leiden, 1955, p. Anyway he was fortunate in not depending on his muse for his livelihood. Ritter, “Philologika X,” Der Islam 25, 1939, p. He evidently started writing certain books-the Moṣībat-nāma and the Elāhī-nāma-while at work in the pharmacy (2nd introd. While ʿAṭṭār’s works say little else about his life, they tell us that he practiced the profession of pharmacy and personally attended to a very large number of customers (see especially Asrār-nāma, p. The only biographical date which ʿAṭṭār himself mentions in his writings, namely 573/1177 as the year of his completion of the Manṭeq al-ṭayr, is consistent with the foregoing but cannot be taken as conclusive evidence because the verse in question does not appear in all the manuscripts. Forūzānfar calculates that he was born about 540/1145-46 (ibid., pp. He must therefore have been in his prime during the second half of the 6th/12th century. This fits in with ʿAwfī’s placing of ʿAṭṭār in his chapter on poets of the Saljuq period ( Lobāb, Tehran, pp. Ṭūsī visited him there at some time, according to Forūzānfar’s reckoning ( Šarḥ-e aḥwāl, pp. In all these sources ʿAṭṭār is described as a man of Nīšāpūr. The next notice of ʿAṭṭār is in Ḥamdallāh Mostawfī’s Tārīḵ-e gozīda, which was completed in 730/1330 (see M. He is mentioned by only two contemporaries, ʿAwfī (d. Reliable information on ʿAṭṭār’s life is scarce. ʿAṭṭār and Farīd-al-dīn were his pen-names. Abī Bakr Ebrāhīm or, according to Ebn al-Fowatī, b. ʿAṬṬĀR, SHAIKH FARĪD-AL-DĪN, (شیخ فریدالدین عطّار) Persian poet, Sufi, theoretician of mysticism, and hagiographer, born ca.
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